168 British Monarchy and Royal History Trivia Questions & Answers

From ancient crowns and civil wars to televised coronations and diplomatic tours, Britain’s monarchy spans more than a millennium.

This mega-set mixes easy starters with brain-ticklers: dynasties, laws, palaces, symbols, and global connections.

Warm up your history muscles and see how deep your royal knowledge goes.

Royal Basics & Succession Rules

Q: What type of monarchy does the United Kingdom have today?
A: A constitutional monarchy, with the sovereign as head of state and ministers governing.

Q: Who succeeded Queen Elizabeth II as monarch in 2022?
A: Charles III.

Q: What phrase captures immediate succession at a monarch’s death?
A: “The king is dead, long live the king.”

Q: What is the monarch’s weekly meeting with the Prime Minister called?
A: An audience.

Q: Which document formally enacts laws after Parliament passes a bill?
A: Royal Assent.

Q: What title is traditionally granted to the heir apparent to the British throne?
A: Prince of Wales (not automatic; granted by the monarch).

Q: What 2013 law modernized succession by ending male-preference primogeniture?
A: The Succession to the Crown Act 2013.

Q: Under that Act, how many people must seek the sovereign’s consent to marry?
A: The first six in line to the throne.

Q: Can a Roman Catholic become the British monarch?
A: No; the monarch must be in communion with the Church of England.

Q: What role does the monarch hold in the Church of England?
A: Supreme Governor.

Q: Which 1701 law originally restricted succession to Protestant heirs of Sophia of Hanover?
A: The Act of Settlement 1701.

Q: What is the formal body that proclaims a new sovereign in London?
A: The Accession Council.

Q: Which Scottish title does the heir apparent use when in Scotland?
A: Duke of Rothesay.

Q: What style is used by most close royal family members?
A: His/Her Royal Highness (HRH).

Q: What legal term describes the Crown as a continuing institution beyond any one person?
A: “The Crown” as a corporation sole (linked to the “king’s two bodies” doctrine).

Q: Which act re-affirmed the monarch’s role after the Glorious Revolution, limiting powers?
A: The Bill of Rights 1689.

Q: What is the monarch’s speech at the State Opening of Parliament commonly called?
A: The King’s (or Queen’s) Speech.

Q: When was the last time Royal Assent was withheld from a bill?
A: 1708, by Queen Anne (Scottish Militia Bill).

Q: What is the difference between a queen regnant and a queen consort?
A: A queen regnant rules in her own right; a queen consort is the king’s spouse.

Q: What title did Prince Albert receive in 1857 clarifying his status?
A: Prince Consort.

Q: What funding mechanism replaced the Civil List in 2012?
A: The Sovereign Grant, derived from Crown Estate profits.

Medieval Foundations: From Alfred to the Plantagenets

Q: Which king is often called the first “King of the English”?
A: Æthelstan (reigned 924–939).

Q: Which 1066 battle brought the Normans to the English throne?
A: The Battle of Hastings.

Q: Who became king after Hastings?
A: William I (William the Conqueror).

Q: What great survey did William I commission in 1086?
A: The Domesday Book.

Q: Where have most English and later British coronations been held since 1066?
A: Westminster Abbey.

Q: Which 12th-century ruler founded the Plantagenet dynasty?
A: Henry II.

Q: Henry II’s son Richard I is famously known by what epithet?
A: “The Lionheart.”

Q: Which king sealed Magna Carta at Runnymede in 1215?
A: King John.

Q: What did Magna Carta primarily seek to limit?
A: The king’s arbitrary power, affirming baronial and legal constraints.

Q: Which Plantagenet reigned for 50 years and saw the Model Parliament of 1295?
A: Edward I.

Q: What conflict beginning in 1337 pitted England against France for over a century?
A: The Hundred Years’ War.

Q: Which English victory in 1415 is linked with longbowmen and muddy fields?
A: Agincourt under Henry V.

Q: The rival houses in the Wars of the Roses were which two dynasties?
A: Lancaster and York.

Q: Which 1485 battle ended the Wars of the Roses?
A: Bosworth Field.

Q: Who founded the Tudor dynasty after Bosworth?
A: Henry VII.

Q: What’s the usual term for the merging of Yorkist and Lancastrian claims under Henry VII?
A: The union through his marriage to Elizabeth of York.

Q: Which two princes disappeared from the Tower of London in 1483?
A: Edward V and his brother Richard, Duke of York (fate uncertain).

Q: Which medieval charter, reissued in 1216 and 1217, became a symbol of liberties?
A: Magna Carta.

Q: Which 12th-century conflict saw Thomas Becket clash with Henry II?
A: The struggle over church courts and clerical privilege, ending in Becket’s martyrdom.

Q: What name is given to the royal council that evolved into Parliament?
A: The king’s council (Curia Regis), later the Model Parliament.

Q: Which English king was deposed in 1327 after baronial revolt and invasion?
A: Edward II.

Tudor Turbulence: Power, Politics & Religion

Q: Which Tudor king had six wives?
A: Henry VIII.

Q: Name Henry VIII’s six wives in order.
A: Catherine of Aragon, Anne Boleyn, Jane Seymour, Anne of Cleves, Catherine Howard, Catherine Parr.

Q: What 1534 act declared Henry VIII Supreme Head of the Church of England?
A: The Act of Supremacy.

Q: Which queen ruled immediately after Edward VI?
A: Mary I.

Q: What religious policy is Elizabeth I best known for establishing?
A: The Elizabethan Religious Settlement (1559).

Q: Which 1588 event secured England against invasion?
A: The defeat of the Spanish Armada.

Q: Who was the last Tudor monarch?
A: Elizabeth I.

Q: What famed royal ship of Henry VIII sank in 1545?
A: The Mary Rose.

Q: Which minister masterminded much of Henry VIII’s early Reformation policy?
A: Thomas Cromwell.

Q: Which queen of Scots was executed by Elizabeth I in 1587?
A: Mary, Queen of Scots.

Q: What grand palace did Henry VIII expand that still hosts tennis today?
A: Hampton Court Palace.

Q: Which short-reigned queen preceded Mary I for nine days in 1553?
A: Lady Jane Grey.

Q: Which marriage of Henry VIII was annulled after a diplomatic fiasco?
A: His marriage to Anne of Cleves.

Q: Which two of Henry VIII’s wives were executed?
A: Anne Boleyn and Catherine Howard.

Q: Which book commissioned under Edward VI shaped Anglican worship?
A: The Book of Common Prayer (1549/1552).

Q: What 1563 document summarized Anglican doctrine under Elizabeth I?
A: The Thirty-Nine Articles.

Q: Who was Elizabeth I’s long-serving statesman nicknamed her “Spirit”?
A: William Cecil, Lord Burghley (later his son Robert Cecil).

Q: Which 1601 rising challenged Elizabeth I late in her reign?
A: The Essex Rebellion.

Q: Which law in 1536–1541 dissolved monasteries across England and Wales?
A: The Dissolution of the Monasteries.

Q: What authorized English Bible translation appeared in 1611 under James I, Elizabeth’s successor?
A: The King James Version (Authorized Version).

Q: Which playwright’s career flowered under Elizabeth I’s patronage era?
A: William Shakespeare.

The Stuarts: Civil War, Commonwealth & Revolution

Q: Which Scottish king became James I of England in 1603?
A: James VI of Scotland.

Q: What 1605 conspiracy tried to blow up King and Parliament?
A: The Gunpowder Plot.

Q: Which Stuart king was executed in 1649 after the Civil War?
A: Charles I.

Q: What name is given to the period without a king (1649–1660)?
A: The Interregnum (Commonwealth/Protectorate).

Q: Who led the New Model Army to victory and ruled as Lord Protector?
A: Oliver Cromwell.

Q: Which 1660 event restored the monarchy under Charles II?
A: The Restoration.

Q: Which two disasters struck London in the 1660s during Charles II’s reign?
A: The Great Plague (1665) and Great Fire (1666).

Q: Which Catholic king was deposed in the Glorious Revolution of 1688?
A: James II.

Q: Who replaced him as joint sovereigns?
A: William III and Mary II.

Q: What 1689 document limited royal power and affirmed parliamentary rights?
A: The Bill of Rights.

Q: What 1701 statute settled succession on Sophia of Hanover’s Protestant heirs?
A: The Act of Settlement.

Q: Which 1690 battle in Ireland pitted William III against James II?
A: The Battle of the Boyne.

Q: What uprising sought to restore the Stuarts in 1715 and 1745?
A: The Jacobite risings.

Q: Who was the “Young Pretender” in the 1745 rising?
A: Charles Edward Stuart (“Bonnie Prince Charlie”).

Q: Which 1746 battle ended the Jacobite cause decisively?
A: Culloden.

Q: What doctrine described the sacred authority of kings favored by early Stuarts?
A: The divine right of kings.

Q: What tax dispute symbolized Charles I’s absolutist tendencies before war?
A: Ship Money.

Q: Which petition of 1628 challenged royal taxation without consent?
A: The Petition of Right.

Q: What was the “Rump Parliament”?
A: The reduced Long Parliament left after Pride’s Purge (1648).

Q: What was the Clarendon Code?
A: Restoration laws enforcing Anglican conformity.

Q: Which queen consort of Charles I influenced royal Catholic ties?
A: Henrietta Maria of France.

Georgians & Hanoverians: Empire and Enlightenment

Q: Which German-born elector became King of Great Britain in 1714?
A: George I of Hanover.

Q: What 1707 union created the Kingdom of Great Britain?
A: The Acts of Union between England (and Wales) and Scotland.

Q: Who is often called Britain’s first “prime minister,” serving George I/II?
A: Sir Robert Walpole.

Q: Which war for American independence unfolded during George III’s reign?
A: The American War of Independence (1775–1783).

Q: What 1801 change created the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland?
A: The Acts of Union with Ireland.

Q: Which royal period saw a prince ruling for his incapacitated father (1811–1820)?
A: The Regency (future George IV as Prince Regent).

Q: Which naval hero’s death at Trafalgar (1805) shaped royal-naval myth?
A: Admiral Horatio Nelson.

Q: What 1716–1788 dynasty nickname refers to George I–III’s era?
A: The Georgian era (continuing through George IV).

Q: Which 1745 conflict’s end at Culloden secured Hanoverian rule?
A: The Jacobite rising of 1745.

Q: Which 1760-1820 king suffered periods of mental illness?
A: George III.

Q: Which 1832 law, on the cusp of Victoria’s era, reformed Parliament’s representation?
A: The Great Reform Act.

Q: What 1763 proclamation affected colonial settlement after the Seven Years’ War?
A: The Proclamation of 1763.

Q: Which palace became a royal favorite under George III and IV, later rebuilt grandly?
A: Buckingham Palace.

Q: What order of chivalry, revived in 1725, honored military and civil service?
A: The Order of the Bath.

Q: Which 1715 financial crisis shook the early Hanoverian regime?
A: The South Sea Bubble.

Q: Which queen consort of George III was an ardent patron of Kew Gardens?
A: Queen Charlotte.

Q: Which cultural moment—coffeehouses, satire, the Spectator—flourished under early Georgians?
A: The Enlightenment public sphere.

Q: What colonial rebellion chant targeted taxation policy?
A: “No taxation without representation.”

Q: Which legal milestone in 1707 kept distinct Scottish law under a shared Crown?
A: The union preserved Scotland’s separate legal system.

Q: What Hanoverian king had an infamous court scandal surrounding Queen Caroline of Brunswick?
A: George IV.

Q: Which 1830 king preceded Victoria and gave his name to the “Sailor King”?
A: William IV.

Victorians to Windsors: Modern Monarchy

Q: Which monarch reigned from 1837 to 1901?
A: Queen Victoria.

Q: Whom did Victoria marry in 1840?
A: Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.

Q: What imperial title did Victoria adopt in 1876?
A: Empress of India.

Q: Which 1917 decision renamed the dynasty “Windsor”?
A: George V changed it from Saxe-Coburg and Gotha during World War I.

Q: Which 1936 king abdicated to marry Wallis Simpson?
A: Edward VIII.

Q: Who succeeded Edward VIII in 1936?
A: George VI.

Q: Which queen served from 1952 to 2022, Britain’s longest-reigning monarch?
A: Elizabeth II.

Q: What 1949 declaration enabled republics to remain in the Commonwealth?
A: The London Declaration.

Q: What term names the monarch’s constitutional reserve authority exercised by ministers?
A: The royal prerogative.

Q: What 1969 event invested a new Prince of Wales at Caernarfon?
A: The investiture of Charles (later Charles III).

Q: Which 1992 Latin term did Elizabeth II use for her difficult year?
A: Annus horribilis.

Q: What 2011 law (effective 2013) updated marriage and succession rules?
A: The Succession to the Crown Act 2013.

Q: In 2022, who became King after Elizabeth II?
A: Charles III.

Q: Where was the 2023 Coronation held?
A: Westminster Abbey.

Q: What crown is traditionally used for the act of crowning a sovereign?
A: St Edward’s Crown.

Q: Which crown is often worn for the State Opening of Parliament?
A: The Imperial State Crown.

Q: What jewel set in the Sovereign’s Sceptre is nicknamed the Great Star of Africa?
A: Cullinan I diamond.

Q: What funding arrangement now supports official duties of the monarch?
A: The Sovereign Grant from Crown Estate profits.

Q: What act in 2022 restored the monarch’s power to dissolve Parliament on advice?
A: The Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022 (repealing Fixed-term Parliaments Act).

Q: Which royal residence in Scotland is the monarch’s official Edinburgh home?
A: The Palace of Holyroodhouse.

Q: Which queen consort modernized royal charity work and became “Queen Mother” in 1952?
A: Queen Elizabeth (the Queen Mother), wife of George VI.

Palaces, Ceremonies & Symbols of the Crown

Q: What London palace is the monarch’s administrative headquarters?
A: Buckingham Palace.

Q: Which castle is the oldest and largest occupied castle in the world?
A: Windsor Castle.

Q: What Scottish estate is a private royal residence beloved for summer stays?
A: Balmoral Castle.

Q: What Norfolk estate is a private royal home used at Christmas?
A: Sandringham House.

Q: Where are the Crown Jewels kept?
A: The Tower of London.

Q: What annual parade marks the sovereign’s official birthday?
A: Trooping the Colour.

Q: Where is the Order of the Garter service held?
A: St George’s Chapel, Windsor Castle.

Q: What flag flies when the monarch is in residence?
A: The Royal Standard.

Q: What is the coronation anointing oil ceremony called?
A: The anointing, symbolizing sacred kingship.

Q: What medieval coronation chair houses the Stone of Destiny beneath it?
A: King Edward’s Chair in Westminster Abbey.

Q: Which diamond, long debated, has been mounted in various crowns of British queens?
A: The Koh-i-Noor (its modern use is sensitive and contested).

Q: What ceremony opens each new session of Parliament?
A: The State Opening of Parliament.

Q: What is the monarch’s Great Seal used for?
A: To signify formal approval of state documents.

Q: Which royal residence in London sits beside St James’s Park?
A: St James’s Palace.

Q: What is the Maundy Service?
A: A Holy Week ceremony where the monarch distributes Maundy money.

Q: What title is reserved for the sovereign’s eldest daughter?
A: Princess Royal (granted, not automatic).

Q: Which order of chivalry is Scotland’s premier order?
A: The Order of the Thistle.

Q: What is the Ceremony of the Keys in London?
A: Nightly locking of the Tower of London.

Q: Which crown incorporates the Black Prince’s Ruby (actually a spinel)?
A: The Imperial State Crown.

Q: Which heraldic arms feature the lion and the unicorn supporters?
A: The Royal Arms of the United Kingdom.

Q: What coin inscription initials—F.D.—stand for?
A: Fidei Defensor (“Defender of the Faith”).

Law, Charters & the Constitution

Q: What 1215 charter is a cornerstone of constitutional tradition?
A: Magna Carta.

Q: What 1689 document limited sovereign power and affirmed parliamentary supremacy?
A: The Bill of Rights.

Q: Which 1707 acts united England (and Wales) with Scotland under one Parliament?
A: The Acts of Union 1707.

Q: Which 1800/1801 acts united Great Britain with Ireland?
A: The Acts of Union 1800/1801.

Q: What 1931 statute recognized dominion legislative independence?
A: The Statute of Westminster.

Q: What legal doctrine means the Crown never dies?
A: Demise of the Crown—the institution continues instantly.

Q: Which council advises the sovereign, including for Orders in Council?
A: The Privy Council.

Q: What is royal prerogative of mercy commonly called?
A: The royal pardon.

Q: Which 1701 statute originally barred those married to Catholics from succession (since amended)?
A: The Act of Settlement (amended by 2013 Act).

Q: What is the difference between the Crown Estate and the monarch’s private estates?
A: Crown Estate is public; Balmoral/Sandringham are private.

Q: Which law replaced the Civil List with the Sovereign Grant?
A: The Sovereign Grant Act 2011 (effective 2012).

Q: Which 1708 event is the last refusal of Royal Assent?
A: Queen Anne’s veto of the Scottish Militia Bill.

Q: What is a regency?
A: A period when a regent exercises royal functions for a minor/incapacitated monarch.

Q: Who can serve as Counsellors of State?
A: Certain adults in the line of succession, including the consort.

Q: What’s the constitutional status of the monarch’s political neutrality?
A: A convention: the sovereign remains neutral.

Q: What’s the monarch’s role in appointing a Prime Minister?
A: Appoints the person most likely to command Commons confidence.

Q: Which case debated regnal numbering for Elizabeth II in Scotland?
A: MacCormick v. Lord Advocate (1953).

Q: What are Letters Patent?
A: Open documents under the Great Seal granting offices, peerages, or styles.

Q: What’s the royal assent formula used in the Lords?
A: The Norman French “La Reyne/le Roi le veult” (“The Queen/King wills it”).

Q: What is the “Queen’s (King’s) peace”?
A: The general peace and protection of the realm under the Crown’s authority.

Q: Which 1707 guarantee preserved the Church of Scotland’s status?
A: The union settlement safeguarded the Presbyterian Church of Scotland.

Queens, Consorts & Powerful Royal Women

Q: Who was England’s first queen regnant?
A: Mary I (reigned 1553–1558).

Q: Which queen’s long rule is dubbed the Elizabethan era?
A: Elizabeth I.

Q: Which queen regnant restored Protestantism after Mary I?
A: Elizabeth I.

Q: Which medieval empress contested Stephen for the throne in the 12th century?
A: Empress Matilda (Maud).

Q: Which queen consort influenced arts and philanthropy in the Victorian age?
A: Queen Victoria herself as queen regnant; consort Prince Albert drove many initiatives.

Q: Which queen consort to Charles I was a French Catholic?
A: Henrietta Maria.

Q: Which queen mother guided a wartime king in the 1940s?
A: Queen Elizabeth (later the Queen Mother).

Q: Which 16th-century queen’s marriage to Philip II tied England to Spain?
A: Mary I.

Q: Which Tudor queen survived Henry VIII and later married Thomas Seymour?
A: Catherine Parr.

Q: Which Scottish queen’s tumultuous life ended on Elizabeth I’s order?
A: Mary, Queen of Scots.

Q: Which Georgian queen gave her name to city names, cake, and a flower?
A: Queen Charlotte.

Q: Which queen consort strongly shaped late Victorian court after Albert’s death?
A: Queen Victoria maintained strict mourning; Princess of Wales Alexandra influenced fashion.

Q: Which 20th-century princess became a global humanitarian icon?
A: Diana, Princess of Wales (not a queen, but transformative).

Q: Which title is held by the reigning monarch’s wife today?
A: Queen (styled as queen consort in formal contexts).

Q: Which title can the eldest daughter of the sovereign receive?
A: Princess Royal.

Q: Which queen regnant’s navy defeated the Armada?
A: Elizabeth I.

Q: Which queen’s Golden Jubilee in 2002 marked 50 years on the throne?
A: Elizabeth II.

Q: Which queen’s Platinum Jubilee in 2022 marked 70 years?
A: Elizabeth II.

Q: Which medieval queen was famed for political acumen and the “Lady with the Lamp” is not royal—careful—
A: Eleanor of Aquitaine was famed for political acumen (not the nurse).

Q: Which queen’s coronation in 1953 was the first televised?
A: Elizabeth II.

Q: Which queen consort’s crown formerly featured the Koh-i-Noor in the 20th century?
A: Queen Elizabeth (the Queen Mother)’s Crown (its use is now sensitive).

Wars, Rebellions & Turning Points

Q: What 1215 baronial revolt produced a foundational charter?
A: The revolt against King John leading to Magna Carta.

Q: Which 1455–1487 conflict ended with Tudor rule?
A: The Wars of the Roses.

Q: What 1588 event foiled an invasion of England?
A: Defeat of the Spanish Armada.

Q: Which 1642–1651 conflict led to a king’s execution?
A: The English Civil Wars.

Q: What 1688 change brought a Protestant succession and parliamentary supremacy?
A: The Glorious Revolution.

Q: Which 1715 and 1745 uprisings aimed to restore the Stuarts?
A: The Jacobite risings.

Q: Which 1805 battle cemented British naval dominance?
A: Trafalgar.

Q: Which 1815 battle ended Napoleon’s rule?
A: Waterloo.

Q: Which 1914–1918 war saw George V rebrand the dynasty?
A: World War I (to Windsor).

Q: What 1939–1945 conflict tested George VI’s wartime leadership?
A: World War II.

Q: Which 1936 constitutional crisis forced Parliament to choose between crown and marriage?
A: The Abdication Crisis.

Q: Which 1916 Irish event challenged British rule and later politics?
A: The Easter Rising (with major constitutional repercussions).

Q: Which 1707 event realigned sovereignty and Parliament on the island of Great Britain?
A: The Acts of Union.

Q: Which 1801 change joined Ireland to a new United Kingdom?
A: The Acts of Union with Ireland.

Q: Which 1922 development reshaped the UK’s name and borders?
A: Irish Free State’s creation; the UK became “of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.”

Q: Which 1931 statute recognized self-governing dominions’ equality with Britain?
A: The Statute of Westminster.

Q: Which 1998 accords, while political, carried royal symbolism of reconciliation?
A: The Good Friday Agreement (royal visits later reinforced reconciliation).

Q: Which 1999 change altered the House of Lords composition?
A: Removal of most hereditary peers (House of Lords Act 1999).

Q: Which 2011 (effective 2013) change updated succession fairness?
A: Ended male-preference primogeniture.

Q: Which 2022 law restored classic dissolution powers?
A: The Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022.

Q: Which 2023 event marked a new reign’s formal consecration?
A: The Coronation of Charles III.

Empire, Commonwealth & Global Connections

Q: What loose association succeeded the British Empire?
A: The Commonwealth of Nations.

Q: What role does the British monarch hold within the Commonwealth?
A: Head of the Commonwealth (symbolic, not hereditary by law but chosen).

Q: What 1949 declaration allowed republics to remain members?
A: The London Declaration.

Q: What are countries that share the monarch as head of state called?
A: Commonwealth realms.

Q: Name one large Commonwealth realm outside the UK.
A: Canada, Australia, or New Zealand (among others).

Q: What 1931 act affirmed dominion legislative independence?
A: The Statute of Westminster.

Q: Which jewel debates highlight imperial legacies in the Crown Jewels?
A: The Koh-i-Noor and Cullinan diamonds.

Q: Which royal tour element often emphasizes reconciliation and remembrance?
A: Wreath-laying and meetings with communities tied to historic events.

Q: What is the monarch’s role in appointing governors-general in realms?
A: Appoints on the advice of each realm’s prime minister.

Q: Which Caribbean nation became a republic in 2021, ending the monarch’s role there?
A: Barbados.

Q: What is a realm referendum sometimes used to decide?
A: Whether to retain the monarch as head of state.

Q: What is the collective term for the UK’s remaining overseas territories?
A: British Overseas Territories.

Q: Which charter modernized the Commonwealth’s values in 2013?
A: The Commonwealth Charter.

Q: What is the Commonwealth Games’ informal nickname?
A: The “Friendly Games.”

Q: Which 1953–1954 royal tour famously circled the globe?
A: Queen Elizabeth II’s first Commonwealth tour.

Q: Which Canadian constitutional milestone in 1982 fully “patriated” its constitution?
A: The Constitution Act 1982 (with the Charter of Rights and Freedoms).

Q: Which Australian 1999 vote concerned the monarchy?
A: A referendum on becoming a republic (it failed).

Q: Which New Zealand honor did the Crown re-establish in 1996 reflecting local identity?
A: The New Zealand Order of Merit.

Q: Which realm’s 1986 Constitutional Act affirmed local control over symbols like the royal title?
A: Australia (Australia Acts also in 1986).

Q: What is the diplomatic term for royal visits building soft power?
A: Royal diplomacy or “soft power” tours.

Q: What body of prime ministers meets biennially, often with the monarch attending opening?
A: The Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (CHOGM).