Ready to test your physics savvy?
This mega-set moves from familiar forces and circuits to cosmology and quantum weirdness.
Every science category starts simple and ramps up, blending definitions, equations, discoveries, and real-world tech.
Use it for a classroom warm-up, a pub quiz, or a deep-dive solo challenge.
Classical Mechanics Essentials
Q: What branch of physics studies motion and forces on bodies?
A: Mechanics.
Q: What is the SI unit of force?
A: The newton (N).
Q: Which law is summarized by F=maF=ma?
A: Newton’s second law.
Q: What’s the key difference between a vector and a scalar?
A: Vectors have magnitude and direction; scalars have magnitude only.
Q: In an isolated system, what quantity is conserved in collisions?
A: Total momentum.
Q: For conservative forces, what equals the negative gradient of potential energy?
A: The force.
Q: What is torque in vector form?
A: τ=r×Fτ=r×F.
Q: What is the centripetal acceleration for uniform circular motion?
A: a=v2/ra=v2/r.
Q: Which theorem links net work to change in kinetic energy?
A: The work–energy theorem.
Q: Power is the rate of doing what?
A: Work.
Q: What dimensionless quantity characterizes sliding resistance between surfaces?
A: The coefficient of friction.
Q: What equals change in momentum and can be written J=FΔtJ=FΔt?
A: Impulse.
Q: What point moves as if all mass of a system were concentrated there?
A: The center of mass.
Q: What is angular momentum in vector form?
A: L=r×pL=r×p.
Q: In the absence of external torque, what is conserved?
A: Angular momentum.
Q: In a perfectly elastic collision, what two quantities are conserved?
A: Kinetic energy and momentum.
Q: What is the period of a mass–spring oscillator?
A: T=2πm/kT=2πm/k.
Q: Neglecting air drag, at what angle does a projectile have maximum range?
A: 45∘45∘.
Q: What’s the gravitational potential energy of two masses separated by rr?
A: U=−GMm/rU=−GMm/r.
Q: Which theorem links continuous symmetries to conservation laws?
A: Noether’s theorem.
Q: What’s the basic form of the Lagrangian and what principle uses it?
A: L=T−VL=T−V; the principle of least action (leading to Hamilton’s equations).
Electromagnetism & Circuits
Q: What is the SI unit of electric charge?
A: Coulomb (C).
Q: What is the elementary charge magnitude?
A: About 1.602×10−191.602×10−19 C.
Q: Which law relates voltage, current, and resistance?
A: Ohm’s law (V=IRV=IR).
Q: A capacitor stores energy in what field?
A: The electric field.
Q: What is the SI unit of magnetic field strength?
A: Tesla (T).
Q: Which hand rule gives the direction of magnetic force on a moving charge?
A: The right-hand rule.
Q: Which law describes induced EMF from changing magnetic flux?
A: Faraday’s law (E=−dΦ/dtE=−dΦ/dt).
Q: What term did Maxwell add to Ampère’s law to unify electromagnetism?
A: The displacement current.
Q: What kind of wave is light in Maxwell’s theory?
A: An electromagnetic wave.
Q: What constant ε0ε0 appears in Coulomb’s law?
A: The permittivity of free space.
Q: What equation gives the force on a charge in E and B fields?
A: Lorentz force: F=q(E+v×B)F=q(E+v×B).
Q: What does a perfect inductor oppose?
A: Changes in current.
Q: What is the RC time constant?
A: τ=RCτ=RC.
Q: For a pure sine wave, VrmsVrms equals what fraction of peak?
A: Vp/2Vp/2.
Q: What phenomenon confines AC currents near a conductor’s surface?
A: The skin effect.
Q: What vector S=E×HS=E×H indicates EM energy flow?
A: The Poynting vector.
Q: A half-wave antenna is roughly what fraction of a wavelength long?
A: About λ/2λ/2.
Q: What effect causes superconductors to expel magnetic fields?
A: The Meissner effect.
Q: What component stores energy in a magnetic field?
A: An inductor.
Q: What principle underlies transformers’ operation?
A: Electromagnetic induction (changing flux → induced EMF).
Q: What four elegant equations unify electricity and magnetism?
A: Maxwell’s equations.
Thermodynamics & Statistical Mechanics
Q: What is 0 kelvin called?
A: Absolute zero.
Q: Heat vs. temperature—what’s the distinction?
A: Heat is energy in transit; temperature measures average kinetic energy.
Q: State the first law of thermodynamics in system sign convention.
A: ΔU=Q−WΔU=Q−W.
Q: What concept quantifies disorder or number of microstates?
A: Entropy.
Q: What does the second law say about entropy in isolated systems?
A: It tends to increase.
Q: What is the ideal gas law?
A: PV=nRTPV=nRT.
Q: Isothermal vs. adiabatic processes—key difference?
A: Isothermal has constant temperature; adiabatic has no heat exchange.
Q: For ideal gases, which is larger: CpCp or CvCv?
A: CpCp.
Q: What sets the theoretical maximum engine efficiency?
A: The Carnot limit 1−Tc/Th1−Tc/Th.
Q: During a phase change, what happens to temperature as heat is added?
A: It stays constant.
Q: Which free energy predicts spontaneity at constant TT and pp?
A: Gibbs free energy (spontaneous if ΔG<0ΔG<0).
Q: What distribution describes molecular speeds in an ideal gas?
A: Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution.
Q: What central quantity of stat mech sums over states ZZ?
A: The partition function.
Q: What does the equipartition theorem assign per quadratic degree of freedom?
A: 12kT21kT of energy.
Q: What device moves heat from cold to hot by doing work?
A: A heat pump (COP > 1).
Q: Which statement of the second law involves heat flow direction?
A: Clausius statement: no process solely transfers heat cold → hot.
Q: What does the third law say about entropy as T→0T→0?
A: It approaches a constant (often taken as zero).
Q: What low-temperature phase forms for bosons?
A: Bose–Einstein condensate.
Q: What statistics apply to fermions?
A: Fermi–Dirac statistics.
Q: What special point ends the liquid–gas boundary?
A: The critical point.
Q: What framework explains universality near phase transitions?
A: The renormalization group.
Waves, Sound & Optics
Q: What symbol denotes wavelength?
A: λλ.
Q: What is the unit of frequency?
A: Hertz (Hz).
Q: What relation links speed, frequency, and wavelength?
A: v=fλv=fλ.
Q: In general, where does sound travel fastest?
A: In solids.
Q: What property of sound corresponds to frequency?
A: Pitch.
Q: What is bending of waves around obstacles called?
A: Diffraction.
Q: What do we call the superposition of waves strengthening or canceling?
A: Interference (constructive/destructive).
Q: What law relates angles and indices at a boundary?
A: Snell’s law.
Q: What occurs beyond a critical angle from high- to low-index medium?
A: Total internal reflection.
Q: Which lens type converges parallel rays?
A: A convex (converging) lens.
Q: What’s the mirror/lens relation 1/f=1/do+1/di1/f=1/do+1/di?
A: The thin lens (or mirror) equation.
Q: What limits vibration direction of transverse waves?
A: Polarization.
Q: What effect shifts frequency when source and observer move?
A: The Doppler effect.
Q: Which principle views wavefronts as secondary wavelets?
A: Huygens’ principle.
Q: What interferometer famously measures tiny path differences?
A: The Michelson interferometer.
Q: What criterion gives angular resolution θ≈1.22λ/Dθ≈1.22λ/D?
A: The Rayleigh criterion.
Q: What phenomenon makes prisms spread white light into colors?
A: Dispersion.
Q: What pattern features nodes and antinodes on a string or air column?
A: Standing waves (resonance).
Q: What transform decomposes signals into frequencies?
A: The Fourier transform.
Q: What nonlinear effect doubles light frequency in crystals?
A: Second-harmonic generation.
Q: What technology guides light with low loss over long distances?
A: Optical fiber using total internal reflection.
Quantum Mechanics
Q: What fundamental constant sets quantum action scale hh?
A: Planck’s constant (~6.626×10−346.626×10−34 J·s).
Q: What is photon energy in terms of frequency?
A: E=hfE=hf.
Q: Which experiment dramatizes wave–particle duality?
A: The double-slit experiment.
Q: What is the de Broglie relation for matter waves?
A: λ=h/pλ=h/p.
Q: What inequality limits simultaneous position and momentum knowledge?
A: Heisenberg uncertainty (Δx Δp≥ℏ/2ΔxΔp≥ℏ/2).
Q: Which equation governs nonrelativistic wavefunction evolution?
A: The Schrödinger equation.
Q: What principal quantum number labels hydrogen energy levels?
A: nn.
Q: What principle forbids identical fermions sharing a quantum state?
A: The Pauli exclusion principle.
Q: What intrinsic property gives electrons magnetic moments?
A: Spin (½ for electrons).
Q: In QM, observables correspond to what mathematical objects?
A: Hermitian operators.
Q: What rule interprets ∣ψ∣2∣ψ∣2 as probability density?
A: The Born rule.
Q: What allows particles to pass through classically forbidden barriers?
A: Quantum tunneling.
Q: What nonlocal correlations violate Bell inequalities?
A: Entanglement.
Q: What system has equally spaced energy levels En=ℏω(n+12)En=ℏω(n+21)?
A: The quantum harmonic oscillator.
Q: What term describes multiple states sharing the same energy?
A: Degeneracy.
Q: What splits spectral lines in a magnetic field?
A: The Zeeman effect.
Q: In quantum computing, what gate creates superposition from ∣0⟩∣0⟩?
A: The Hadamard gate.
Q: What process destroys phase relationships via environment coupling?
A: Decoherence.
Q: What relativistic wave equation predicted antiparticles?
A: The Dirac equation.
Q: What remarkable effect shows quantized Hall conductance plateaus?
A: The quantum Hall effect.
Q: What framework treats particles as field excitations?
A: Quantum field theory.
Relativity (Special & General)
Q: What two postulates underlie special relativity?
A: Physics is the same in all inertial frames; cc is constant.
Q: What factor γγ appears in time dilation?
A: γ=1/1−v2/c2γ=1/1−v2/c2.
Q: What contraction affects lengths parallel to motion?
A: Length contraction.
Q: What concept says simultaneity depends on the observer’s frame?
A: Relativity of simultaneity.
Q: What famous equation links mass and energy?
A: E=mc2E=mc2.
Q: What resolves the twin paradox?
A: The traveling twin’s non-inertial (accelerated) path.
Q: What is the time measured along an object’s worldline?
A: Proper time.
Q: What geometry combines space and time into 4-vectors?
A: Minkowski spacetime.
Q: In GR, gravity is not a force but what?
A: Spacetime curvature.
Q: What principle equates free fall locally to weightlessness?
A: The equivalence principle.
Q: What paths do freely falling bodies follow in curved spacetime?
A: Geodesics.
Q: What happens to clocks deeper in a gravitational well?
A: Gravitational time dilation (they run slower).
Q: What happens to light escaping strong gravity?
A: Gravitational redshift.
Q: What boundary around a black hole is a no-return surface?
A: The event horizon.
Q: What radius Rs=2GM/c2Rs=2GM/c2 characterizes non-rotating black holes?
A: The Schwarzschild radius.
Q: What ripples in spacetime have been directly observed by LIGO?
A: Gravitational waves.
Q: What effect twists spacetime near rotating masses?
A: Frame dragging (Kerr metric).
Q: What navigation system must correct for both SR and GR?
A: GPS.
Q: What cosmological term ΛΛ behaves like vacuum energy?
A: The cosmological constant.
Q: What classic anomaly did GR explain in Mercury’s orbit?
A: Perihelion precession.
Q: What speculative structures are “shortcuts” through spacetime?
A: Wormholes.
Astrophysics & Cosmology
Q: What is our home galaxy called?
A: The Milky Way.
Q: What fusion process powers the Sun’s core?
A: The proton–proton chain (hydrogen to helium).
Q: What is the nearest star system to the Sun?
A: Alpha Centauri (Proxima Centauri is the nearest star).
Q: What glowing shell marks the end of a low-mass star’s life?
A: A planetary nebula.
Q: Name the two broad types of supernovae.
A: Type Ia (thermonuclear) and core-collapse.
Q: What ultra-dense remnants are city-sized yet stellar-mass?
A: Neutron stars.
Q: What law relates galaxy recessional speed to distance?
A: Hubble–Lemaître law.
Q: What ~2.7 K radiation pervades the universe?
A: The cosmic microwave background.
Q: What unseen matter is inferred from rotation curves and lensing?
A: Dark matter.
Q: What mysterious driver causes cosmic acceleration?
A: Dark energy.
Q: What exoplanet detection method watches for periodic stellar dimming?
A: The transit method.
Q: What is the “habitable zone”?
A: The orbital range allowing liquid water on a planet’s surface.
Q: What are quasars?
A: Extremely luminous active galactic nuclei.
Q: What collaboration imaged black hole “shadows”?
A: The Event Horizon Telescope.
Q: What light elements were forged minutes after the Big Bang?
A: Hydrogen, helium, and trace lithium.
Q: What imprint in galaxy clustering acts as a standard ruler?
A: Baryon acoustic oscillations.
Q: In astronomy, what does “metallicity” refer to?
A: Abundance of elements heavier than helium.
Q: What phase does a Sun-like star enter after core hydrogen is gone?
A: Red giant.
Q: What limit marks tidal breakup distance around a massive body?
A: The Roche limit.
Q: What supernovae serve as standard candles in cosmology?
A: Type Ia supernovae.
Q: What early-universe idea solves horizon and flatness puzzles?
A: Cosmic inflation.
Nuclear Physics & Radiation
Q: What particles make up an atomic nucleus?
A: Protons and neutrons (nucleons).
Q: What are atoms with the same ZZ but different NN called?
A: Isotopes.
Q: Name the three primary types of radioactive decay.
A: Alpha, beta, and gamma.
Q: What is half-life?
A: Time for half the radioactive nuclei to decay.
Q: Around which elements does binding energy per nucleon peak?
A: Near iron/nickel.
Q: What process splits heavy nuclei to release energy?
A: Fission.
Q: What process fuses light nuclei to release energy?
A: Fusion.
Q: What fundamental interaction binds quarks inside nucleons?
A: The strong force (via gluons).
Q: What interaction governs beta decay?
A: The weak interaction.
Q: What nearly massless, weakly interacting particles stream from the Sun?
A: Neutrinos.
Q: What SI units measure absorbed dose and biological effect?
A: Gray (Gy) and sievert (Sv).
Q: What common tube detects ionizing radiation counts?
A: The Geiger–Müller counter.
Q: What condition sustains a nuclear chain reaction?
A: Critical mass (effective multiplication keff=1keff=1).
Q: What materials in reactors absorb neutrons to control power?
A: Control rods.
Q: What doughnut-shaped device magnetically confines fusion plasmas?
A: A tokamak.
Q: Radiocarbon dating relies on which isotope’s ~5730-year half-life?
A: Carbon-14.
Q: What term means converting one element into another via reactions?
A: Transmutation.
Q: What rare decay splits a heavy nucleus without external trigger?
A: Spontaneous fission.
Q: What type of reactor breeds more fissile fuel than it consumes?
A: A breeder reactor.
Q: What process makes materials radioactive by neutron capture?
A: Neutron activation.
Q: What recoil-free gamma phenomenon enables precision spectroscopy?
A: The Mössbauer effect.
Particle Physics (The Smallest Things)
Q: What model organizes known fundamental particles and forces (except gravity)?
A: The Standard Model.
Q: What quark flavors are there?
A: Up, down, charm, strange, top, bottom.
Q: What boson gives mass to W and Z via symmetry breaking?
A: The Higgs boson.
Q: What particle mediates the electromagnetic force?
A: The photon.
Q: Which baryons make up most ordinary matter?
A: Protons and neutrons.
Q: What conserved quantity distinguishes matter from antimatter partners?
A: Opposite charges/quantum numbers (e.g., lepton number sign).
Q: What do we call particles that are their own antiparticles (hypothetical for νν)?
A: Majorana particles.
Q: What symmetry violation helps explain matter’s dominance?
A: CP violation.
Q: What detector records charged tracks in a magnetic field?
A: A bubble or drift chamber (modern TPCs).
Q: What immense machine near Geneva collides protons at TeV energies?
A: The Large Hadron Collider.
Q: What rule forbids changing baryon number in most interactions?
A: Baryon number conservation (approximate in SM).
Q: What phenomenon confines quarks so they aren't seen in isolation?
A: Color confinement.
Q: What jets do high-energy quarks/gluons produce after hadronization?
A: Particle jets.
Q: Which neutrino flavors exist?
A: Electron, muon, and tau neutrinos.
Q: What tiny masses are indicated by observed neutrino oscillations?
A: Nonzero neutrino mass.
Q: What is the carrier of the strong force in QCD?
A: The gluon.
Q: What process turns a neutron into a proton, electron, and antineutrino?
A: Beta minus decay.
Q: What is a meson?
A: A quark–antiquark bound state.
Q: What symmetry relates electric and magnetic fields in SR?
A: Lorentz symmetry (EM field tensor).
Q: What hypothetical particles could be dark matter candidates?
A: WIMPs, axions, or sterile neutrinos (among others).
Q: What principle keeps hadrons color-neutral overall?
A: Color confinement requiring net color singlets.
Everyday Physics & Technology
Q: Why do seat belts reduce injury in a crash?
A: They increase stopping time, lowering force (impulse concept).
Q: Why does ice float on water?
A: Water expands on freezing, lowering density.
Q: How do microwave ovens heat food?
A: Dielectric heating of polar molecules (especially water).
Q: Why do induction cooktops need ferromagnetic cookware?
A: Changing magnetic fields induce eddy currents that heat the pan.
Q: What makes LEDs efficient light sources?
A: Electron–hole recombination in semiconductors.
Q: How do noise-cancelling headphones hush a hum?
A: Destructive interference via anti-phase sound.
Q: What sensor lets phones auto-rotate screens?
A: MEMS accelerometer (often with a gyroscope).
Q: What keeps handheld photos sharp despite shaky hands?
A: Optical image stabilization (gyro + actuator).
Q: Why can hair-thin glass carry terabits per second?
A: Optical fiber’s low attenuation and huge bandwidth.
Q: What aerodynamic effect helps wings generate lift?
A: Pressure differences plus angle of attack (airfoil dynamics).
Q: What converts sunlight directly into electricity?
A: The photovoltaic effect (solar cells).
Q: How do EVs recapture energy while slowing down?
A: Regenerative braking feeds energy back to the battery.
Q: What medical imaging uses hydrogen spins in strong magnetic fields?
A: MRI (nuclear magnetic resonance).
Q: How are X-rays commonly produced in a tube?
A: Bremsstrahlung and characteristic radiation.
Q: Why is laser light special?
A: It’s coherent and nearly monochromatic (stimulated emission).
Q: How does a refrigerator cool your food?
A: It pumps heat from inside to outside using a vapor-compression cycle.
Q: What lets 3D printers place plastic precisely?
A: Controlled motion and thermoplastic flow/solidification.
Q: How do capacitive touchscreens detect a finger?
A: They sense changes in local capacitance.
Q: How does GPS find your location?
A: Time-of-flight trilateration from satellites with relativistic corrections.
Q: What keeps quadcopter drones stable in gusts?
A: Feedback control using IMUs (gyros/accelerometers).
Q: What makes atomic clocks so accurate?
A: Quantum transitions provide ultra-stable frequency standards.
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