From ancient Celtic bonfires to blockbuster slashers, Halloween has brewed centuries of lore, mischief, and sugary delights.
Dive into this colossal collection of 225 trivia questions and answers covering history, symbols, treats, monsters, movies, and more—perfect for classroom quizzes, party games, or sharpening your holiday knowledge under the full moon.
Origins & History
1. Q: Which ancient festival is widely regarded as Halloween’s ancestor?
A: Samhain
2. Q: Samhain was celebrated by which Celtic-speaking people?
A: The ancient Gaels (Irish, Scots, Manx)
3. Q: What Roman festival honoring Pomona merged with Samhain customs?
A: Feralia (harvest/fruit festival)
4. Q: In which century did the Catholic Church establish All Saints’ Day on 1 November?
A: 7th century (AD 609/610)
5. Q: All Hallows’ Eve refers to the evening before what holy day?
A: All Saints’ Day (All Hallows)
6. Q: Which U.K. act of Parliament in 1606 created “Guy Fawkes Night,” influencing bonfires?
A: Observance of 5th November Act
7. Q: Puritans in which American colony initially banned Halloween celebrations?
A: Massachusetts Bay Colony
8. Q: Immigrants from which country popularized Halloween in the U.S. during the 1840s?
A: Ireland
9. Q: What 19th‑century Scottish poet famously wrote about Halloween customs?
A: Robert Burns
10. Q: Which Victorian invention (1820s) helped spread ghost stories via serialized magazines?
A: Penny dreadfuls
11. Q: UNICEF’s first “Trick‑or‑Treat for UNICEF” campaign launched in what year?
A: 1950
12. Q: The Halloween Capital of the World is which Minnesota city?
A: Anoka
13. Q: Which U.S. president hosted the first White House Halloween party (1958)?
A: Dwight D. Eisenhower
14. Q: Día de los Muertos merges indigenous rituals with Catholic All Souls’ Day in which country?
A: Mexico
15. Q: What 1920s U.S. holiday card company popularized orange‑and‑black Halloween postcards?
A: Dennison Manufacturing Company

Symbols & Colors
16. Q: Traditional Halloween colors are orange and ___?
A: Black
17. Q: Orange represents fall harvest; black symbolizes what?
A: Death/the coming darkness of winter
18. Q: What winged nocturnal mammal is a Halloween icon due to medieval blood‑drinking legends?
A: Bat
19. Q: Which arachnid became associated with witches and haunted houses?
A: Spider
20. Q: Apple bobbing stems from ancient divination honoring which Roman goddess?
A: Pomona
21. Q: A witch’s pointed hat likely evolved from what medieval headgear?
A: The hennin or alewife’s cap
22. Q: What farm tool is commonly carried by the Grim Reaper?
A: Scythe
23. Q: According to superstition, crossing paths with which animal foretells bad luck?
A: Black cat
24. Q: An owl’s hoot was once believed to signal what?
A: Impending death
25. Q: Which vegetable—other than pumpkins—was originally carved into lanterns in Ireland?
A: Turnips
26. Q: Skeleton decorations remind celebrants of which medieval theme?
A: Memento mori / Dance of Death
27. Q: Which color candle is used in modern protective Halloween rituals?
A: White (or black for banishing)
28. Q: A ring baked inside barmbrack foretells what future event?
A: Marriage
29. Q: What flying household item serves as a witch’s vehicle?
A: Broomstick
30. Q: Name the gourd family plant most associated with jack‑o'-lanterns today.
A: Pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo)

Traditions & Customs
31. Q: What rhyming plea do children recite for treats?
A: “Trick or treat!”
32. Q: Medieval “souling” involved begging for what food in exchange for prayers?
A: Soul cakes
33. Q: In Scotland, children perform jokes or songs in a practice called what?
A: Guising
34. Q: What date marks All Souls’ Day?
A: 2 November
35. Q: A carved turnip lantern in Irish folklore is called a ___?
A: Jack‑o'-lantern
36. Q: Which “mischief” activity involves covering trees with bathroom tissue?
A: TP‑ing
37. Q: Burning what household item was thought to repel evil spirits?
A: Sage (or rowan wood in Celtic lands)
38. Q: In English tradition, what vegetable was used as a fortune‑telling love token?
A: Kale stalks
39. Q: Telling ghost stories around a fire traces back to what era’s Christmas custom?
A: Victorian
40. Q: Apples ducking/bobbing is also called “___ for apples.”
A: Dooking
41. Q: Which New England state holds a famed “Pumpkin Regatta” with hollowed gourds as boats?
A: Maine
42. Q: On what date do Americans usually celebrate National Candy Corn Day?
A: 30 October
43. Q: The World’s Longest Haunted House is located in what Ohio attraction?
A: The Lewisburg Haunted Cave
44. Q: True or false: In parts of Germany, knives are hidden on Halloween to prevent harm from returning spirits.
A: True
45. Q: “Snap‑apple night” is an old Irish term for which holiday?
A: Halloween
Jack‑o'-Lanterns
46. Q: The term “jack‑o'-lantern” originally referred to what natural phenomenon?
A: Mysterious swamp lights / will‑o'-the‑wisp
47. Q: Which folkloric trickster inspired the lantern myth?
A: Stingy Jack
48. Q: World’s heaviest pumpkin record (2023) weighed closest to ___ pounds?
A: About 2,749 lb
49. Q: U.S. state hosting Keene’s record for most simultaneous lit pumpkins?
A: New Hampshire
50. Q: What vitamin-rich plant pigment gives pumpkins their orange hue?
A: Beta‑carotene
51. Q: The pumpkin capital of the U.S. (home of Libby’s plant) is which Illinois town?
A: Morton
52. Q: Carving competitions usually judge on creativity and what time limit staple?
A: Two hours (varies)
53. Q: Which tool revolutionized detailed pumpkin artistry in the 1980s?
A: Pumpkin‑carving saw/kit
54. Q: “Pumpkin chunkin’” contests launch gourds using what siege device?
A: Trebuchet (or catapults)
55. Q: A rotting pumpkin smell mainly comes from which chemical compound family?
A: Sulfur compounds
56. Q: The world record for fastest jack‑o'-lantern carving is under how many seconds?
A: 17 seconds (approx.)
57. Q: What North American native peoples were first to dry pumpkin strips for food?
A: Indigenous tribes (e.g., Wampanoag)
58. Q: Pumpkin pie spice famously contains cinnamon, ginger, cloves, nutmeg, and ___?
A: Allspice
59. Q: A teal‑painted pumpkin indicates what allergy‑friendly movement?
A: Food‑allergy safe treats
60. Q: LED lights have largely replaced what fire hazard inside lanterns?
A: Candles

Trick‑or‑Treating
61. Q: Which U.S. state first documented the phrase “trick or treat” in print (1927)?
A: Alberta, Canada (but North American; accept Canada)
62. Q: Average age kids stop trick‑or‑treating in U.S. surveys: around ___?
A: 12–13 years
63. Q: What candy ranks most popular in U.S. sales each Halloween season?
A: Reese’s Peanut Butter Cups
64. Q: Milk Duds were named for what production flaw?
A: Failure to form perfect spheres (duds)
65. Q: How many fun‑size candies approximate one full‑size bar’s weight?
A: About 4–5
66. Q: “Switch Witch” parents swap candy for what?
A: A toy or gift
67. Q: 31 October was once peak night for what property prank involving eggs?
A: Egging houses/cars
68. Q: The U.S. town of Belleville, Illinois enforces a trick‑or‑treat age limit of what?
A: 12 years old
69. Q: Fears of razor blades in treats led to the rise of what safety measure?
A: Hospital X‑ray scanning of candy (1970s/80s)
70. Q: Blue pumpkin buckets signal awareness for which condition?
A: Autism
71. Q: “Trunk‑or‑treat” events take place mainly where?
A: Parking lots
72. Q: Which peanut‑shaped candy, introduced 1912, is notorious for low popularity?
A: Circus Peanuts
73. Q: Candy corn’s original 1880s marketing name?
A: Chicken Feed
74. Q: Popular doorbell camera brand that releases Halloween faceplates?
A: Ring
75. Q: In Japan, trick‑or‑treating is less common; Halloween focuses on elaborate ___?
A: Costumes/cosplay parades
Costumes & Makeup
76. Q: Early costumes aimed to ___ evil spirits.
A: Scare or disguise from
77. Q: The first mass‑produced licensed character costume (1937) depicted which dwarf?
A: Dopey
78. Q: Classic 1978 film that spiked demand for William Shatner‑mask conversions?
A: Halloween (Michael Myers mask)
79. Q: Waterproof theatrical blood typically mixes corn syrup with what sauce?
A: Chocolate syrup (for color)
80. Q: What eye‑safety device replaced glass lenses in monster masks?
A: Mesh or plastic screens
81. Q: “Sexy costume” boom began in which decade?
A: 1990s
82. Q: Which superhero outfit topped Google costume searches worldwide in 2020?
A: Witch (superhero alt. Spider‑Man for kids)
83. Q: Spirit Halloween’s first seasonal pop‑up store opened in which U.S. state (1983)?
A: California
84. Q: Latex prosthetics should be avoided by people with what allergy?
A: Latex allergy
85. Q: The world record for most dogs in costume at one event is over ___ canines.
A: 1,300
86. Q: Cosplay mashup term for combining two themes (e.g., zombie princess)?
A: Crossplay or mash‑up cosplay
87. Q: Glow‑in‑the‑dark body paint requires exposure to what light type to charge?
A: UV/black light
88. Q: Foam latex appliances are cured by which gas to expand cells?
A: Ammonia
89. Q: Historically, white lead face paint contributed to which queen’s “ghostly” look?
A: Elizabeth I
90. Q: 3‑D printing has revolutionized costume ___?
A: Props and armor pieces
Superstitions & Folklore
91. Q: Seeing a spider on Halloween means the spirit of a loved one is doing what?
A: Watching over you
92. Q: Which number is considered unlucky and often skipped in building floors?
A: 13
93. Q: Breaking a mirror brings how many years of bad luck?
A: Seven
94. Q: Throwing salt over which shoulder dispels misfortune?
A: Left shoulder
95. Q: Knocking on wood traces to spirits believed to dwell in ___?
A: Trees
96. Q: Saying “Bloody Mary” three times supposedly summons what?
A: A vengeful ghost in a mirror
97. Q: A ringing bell on Halloween was thought to do what to spirits?
A: Scare them away
98. Q: Walking under a ladder is bad luck because of its shape resembling what?
A: A triangle / the gallows / Holy Trinity
99. Q: A horseshoe hung ends‑up is said to hold ___?
A: Good luck
100. Q: In Appalachian lore, what nut is cracked to predict marriage prospects?
A: Chestnut
101. Q: The name of a book bound in human skin is called ___?
A: Anthropodermic bibliopegy
102. Q: Which night insect is considered a harbinger of death in many cultures?
A: Moth (especially death’s‑head hawkmoth)
103. Q: Hearing footsteps with no one there on Halloween signals what?
A: A ghostly companion nearby
104. Q: A candle that goes out by itself on Oct 31 indicates ___?
A: A spirit presence
105. Q: Which Scottish fortune game involves pulling random items from a bowl of porridge?
A: “Stoiche” divination

Monsters & Creatures
106. Q: Legendary Transylvanian blood‑drinker popularized by Bram Stoker?
A: Dracula
107. Q: Full moon‑triggered shapeshifter folklore creature?
A: Werewolf
108. Q: Mary Shelley created which reanimated monster in 1818?
A: Frankenstein’s creature
109. Q: Mummy curses are typically linked to tombs in which country?
A: Egypt
110. Q: Japanese long‑haired female ghost in white kimono?
A: Yūrei
111. Q: Pumpkin‑headed horseman in Washington Irving’s tale?
A: Headless Horseman
112. Q: Creature stitched from spare parts by Dr. Victor Frankenstein is named ___?
A: The monster has no name; often called Frankenstein’s monster
113. Q: South American blood‑sucking cryptid of goats?
A: Chupacabra
114. Q: What demon board game tool is blamed for channeling spirits?
A: Ouija board planchette
115. Q: Slavic undead spirit that occupies a doll or jar is called a ___?
A: Likho or upiór (accept upyr)
116. Q: Mythical Irish death omen fairy woman?
A: Banshee
117. Q: Creature in Creature from the Black Lagoon (1954) is a half‑man half‑___?
A: Gill/ amphibian fish
118. Q: Ancient Greek women‑headed bird creatures that shriek?
A: Harpies
119. Q: 1958 Hollywood blob was defeated by extreme ___?
A: Cold/frost
120. Q: Friendly ghost created by Seymour Reit in 1939?
A: Casper
Movies & TV Shows
121. Q: Serial killer in A Nightmare on Elm Street (1984)?
A: Freddy Krueger
122. Q: First horror film to win Best Picture Oscar (1992)?
A: The Silence of the Lambs
123. Q: Emily Blunt battles aliens hypersensitive to sound in which 2018 film?
A: A Quiet Place
124. Q: Which 1973 movie features a girl possessed by the demon Pazuzu?
A: The Exorcist
125. Q: “Ghostface” killer is central to what 1996 meta‑horror film?
A: Scream
126. Q: 1999 found‑footage flick about three student filmmakers lost in Maryland woods?
A: The Blair Witch Project
127. Q: Tim Burton stop‑motion film starring Jack Skellington (1993)?
A: The Nightmare Before Christmas
128. Q: Classic Universal monster movie starring Boris Karloff in 1932?
A: The Mummy
129. Q: TV series featuring vampire slayer Buffy summers debuted in what year?
A: 1997
130. Q: Stephen King’s novel about a killer clown adapted to film in 2017 is titled ___?
A: It
131. Q: Mikael Håfström film where John Cusack battles haunted room 1408 is based on story by whom?
A: Stephen King
132. Q: Which 2022 Marvel special follows Jack Russell the “Werewolf by Night”?
A: Werewolf by Night (Disney+)
133. Q: Stranger Things is set in which fictional Indiana town?
A: Hawkins
134. Q: Actor who portrayed three different iterations of Dracula, Frankenstein’s monster, and the Mummy for Hammer Studios?
A: Christopher Lee
135. Q: Michael Jackson’s 1983 “Thriller” video was directed by whom?
A: John Landis
Literature & Comics
136. Q: Edgar Allan Poe’s talking raven quoted what single word?
A: “Nevermore”
137. Q: Who wrote Something Wicked This Way Comes?
A: Ray Bradbury
138. Q: First novel in Anne Rice’s Vampire Chronicles (1976)?
A: Interview with the Vampire
139. Q: Neil Gaiman’s graveyard‑raised boy protagonist is named ___?
A: Bod (Nobody Owens)
140. Q: Manga series featuring ghoul investigator Kaneki Ken?
A: Tokyo Ghoul
141. Q: Comic anti‑hero spawned from hell, created by Todd McFarlane?
A: Spawn
142. Q: Bram Stoker based Dracula’s castle partly on which real fortress?
A: Bran Castle inspiration (Romania)
143. Q: H. P. Lovecraft’s cosmic entity sleeping in R’lyeh?
A: Cthulhu
144. Q: “Headless Horseman” appears in which short story?
A: “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”
145. Q: Goosebumps author?
A: R. L. Stine
146. Q: Mary Shelley wrote Frankenstein during a rainy summer by which Swiss lake?
A: Lake Geneva
147. Q: Graphic novel about vampire lord Vlad Tepes by Mike Mignola?
A: Bram Stoker’s Dracula adaptation
148. Q: Sabrina Spellman is a teenage witch from which Archie Comics town?
A: Greendale (near Riverdale)
149. Q: 1959 Shirley Jackson novel about Hill House’s hauntings?
A: The Haunting of Hill House
150. Q: Stephen King set many horror tales in what fictional Maine town beginning with “D”?
A: Derry
Music & Soundtracks
151. Q: Bobby “Boris” Pickett hit #1 in 1962 with what Halloween song?
A: “Monster Mash”
152. Q: Soundtrack composer for Halloween (1978) theme?
A: John Carpenter
153. Q: “Somebody’s Watching Me” 1984 hit featured backing vocals by which “King of Pop”?
A: Michael Jackson
154. Q: Which rock band released “Pet Sematary” for the 1989 film?
A: Ramones
155. Q: Pop singer who released “Disturbia” in 2008?
A: Rihanna
156. Q: Danny Elfman was frontman for which ’80s new‑wave band before scoring films?
A: Oingo Boingo
157. Q: 1968 hit “Season of the Witch” was sung by which Scottish musician?
A: Donovan
158. Q: “This Is Halloween” is performed by the citizens of which fictional town?
A: Halloween Town
159. Q: 1971 song “Black Magic Woman” popularized by which Latin rock band?
A: Santana
160. Q: Heavy‑metal mascot Eddie belongs to which band, often featured on spooky merch?
A: Iron Maiden
161. Q: Original composer of Ghostbusters theme (1984)?
A: Ray Parker Jr.
162. Q: “Thriller” album features a spoken‑word monologue by which horror icon?
A: Vincent Price
163. Q: Which band released the 1997 song “Spooky, Scary Skeletons”?
A: Andrew Gold (solo artist)
164. Q: Grammy‑winning 2019 Billie Eilish single referencing a monster under the bed?
A: “Bury a Friend”
165. Q: 1980 AC/DC track about hell’s bells begins with what instrument tolling?
A: A large bronze bell
Food & Candy
166. Q: Candy originally called “Chicken Feed” is better known as?
A: Candy corn
167. Q: Traditional Irish fruit bread eaten on Halloween?
A: Barmbrack
168. Q: Toasted pumpkin seeds are often branded with what Spanish name?
A: Pepitas
169. Q: A caramel‑covered fruit on a stick is typically what variety?
A: Apple
170. Q: “Fun size” candy bar concept debuted with which company in 1968?
A: Mars, Inc.
171. Q: Hershey released what vampire‑themed Kisses flavor with red filling?
A: Vampire Milk Chocolate Kisses (strawberry crème)
172. Q: Name the peanut butter taffy candy wrapped in orange and black wax paper.
A: Mary Jane / Peanut Butter Kisses
173. Q: Classic 1905 molasses‑flavored lollipop with embedded peanut bits?
A: Bit‑O‑Honey (similar) or Black Cow? Accept Sugar Daddy (fills). We'll use Sugar Daddy (1925). Actually molasses is Sugar Babies? Let's answer: “Black Taffy” but choose "Sugar Daddy." best refine: answer "Sugar Daddy"
174. Q: M&Ms introduced a fall flavor starring what popular spiced beverage?
A: Pumpkin Spice
175. Q: Witch’s brew soup traditionally uses which orange squash?
A: Pumpkin
176. Q: Popular 1923 chocolate bar whose slogan was once “a meal in itself”?
A: Milky Way
177. Q: Candy company famous for peanut butter cups founded in Hershey, PA?
A: Reese’s (H. B. Reese)
178. Q: What chewy fruit candy’s slogan is “Taste the Rainbow”?
A: Skittles
179. Q: Popular Mexican sugar skulls are made primarily of what ingredient?
A: Granulated sugar pressed in molds
180. Q: Name the beverage brand whose pumpkin spice latte launched a craze in 2003.
A: Starbucks
Games & Party Activities
181. Q: Mystical board patented by Elijah Bond in 1891?
A: Ouija board
182. Q: Nighttime game of hide‑and‑seek in cemeteries is called “___ among the tombstones.”
A: Ghosts
183. Q: Egg‑shaped plastic toy used for candy hunts indoors?
A: (Trick question) More common at Easter; Halloween equivalent is treat hunt pumpkins
184. Q: Decorative blind‑folded striking game from Mexico adopted at parties?
A: Piñata
185. Q: “Murder in the Dark” game uses what object to assign the killer?
A: Playing cards (Ace of Spades)
186. Q: Fortune‑telling card deck associated with divination?
A: Tarot cards
187. Q: Classic 1938 mystery board game originally named “Cluedo” in U.K.; U.S. title?
A: Clue
188. Q: Party dare that involves summoning ghosts by turning off lights and chanting?
A: Bloody Mary
189. Q: Race to wrap a teammate entirely in toilet paper is called what mummy game?
A: Mummy wrap relay
190. Q: Which color of apple peel tossed over the shoulder was said to form a future lover’s initial?
A: Red
191. Q: Bobbing for apples filled tubs originally placed outdoors or indoors?
A: Outdoors (farmyards)
192. Q: Fortune‑telling parlor game that melts wax in water is known by what Scottish term?
A: Molybdomancy (lead pouring) or “Dipping molten lead”
193. Q: Glow‑stick lit egg hunt variant staged after sunset is dubbed “Night ___”?
A: Night Egg Hunt / Night Hunt
194. Q: A scavenger hunt where guests photograph spooky list items is called “Monster ___”?
A: Monster Hunt
195. Q: Two‑team balloon popping relay requiring players to sit and “squash” is often called?
A: Pumpkin Pop
Haunted Places & Ghost Stories
196. Q: Name the most famous haunted prison in Philadelphia.
A: Eastern State Penitentiary
197. Q: Winchester Mystery House is located in which California city?
A: San Jose
198. Q: Salem’s “House of the Seven Gables” inspired a novel by which author?
A: Nathaniel Hawthorne
199. Q: Scottish fortress home to a “lady in green” and a headless drummer?
A: Edinburgh Castle
200. Q: New Orleans avenue famous for above‑ground tombs and voodoo lore?
A: St. Louis Cemetery No. 1
201. Q: Famous English inn said to house the ghost of Dick Turpin?
A: The Spaniards Inn (Hampstead Heath)
202. Q: Trans‑Allegheny Lunatic Asylum is in which U.S. state?
A: West Virginia
203. Q: Rocky horror hotel that inspired Stephen King’s The Shining?
A: The Stanley Hotel (Estes Park, CO)
204. Q: London’s Tower of London is haunted by Anne ___?
A: Boleyn
205. Q: Alcatraz prison’s reputed screaming spirit is nicknamed “The ____.”
A: Thing
206. Q: Filipino island prison with dancing inmates turned viral video; some report ghostly ___?
A: Chants / sightings (Cebu Provincial Detention)
207. Q: Illinois road known for the phantom hitchhiker “Resurrection Mary.” What road borders the cemetery?
A: Archer Avenue
208. Q: Greyfriars Kirkyard poltergeist is called “Bloody ___.”
A: Mackenzie
209. Q: Banff Springs Hotel ghostly bride is often seen wearing what color dress?
A: White
210. Q: Which Pennsylvania house claims a portal to hell in its cellar?
A: The Haunting in Pennsylvania – The Smurl House (or Conjuring house in Rhode Island—but use “Smurl House”)
Global Celebrations & Festivals
211. Q: Mexico’s Day of the Dead spans which two calendar days?
A: 1–2 November
212. Q: In Spain, All Saints’ Day pastries of marzipan, egg, and sugar are called ___?
A: Panellets
213. Q: Japan’s August festival honoring ancestral spirits lit by lanterns?
A: Obon
214. Q: “Hungry Ghost Festival” is celebrated in which lunar month in China?
A: Seventh lunar month
215. Q: Filipino “Pangangaluluwa” resembles what Western custom?
A: Caroling / souling at Halloween
216. Q: Bonfires and fireworks on 5 November in U.K. commemorate which failed plotter?
A: Guy Fawkes
217. Q: “Fang‑tastic” theme park event “Fright Nights” occurs at which Australian park?
A: Warner Bros. Movie World (Gold Coast)
218. Q: Transylvania’s Bran Castle hosts an annual Halloween party in which country?
A: Romania
219. Q: Quebec’s “La Citrouille en Fête” translates to what in English?
A: The Pumpkin Festival
220. Q: Irish village known for the world’s oldest Halloween festival (“Púca Festival”)?
A: Athboy / Trim (County Meath)
221. Q: Italy’s All Souls’ Day sweet bones are called “Ossa dei ___.”
A: Morti (bones of the dead)
222. Q: Hong Kong’s theme‑park Halloween bash is at which Disney property?
A: Hong Kong Disneyland
223. Q: German children light lanterns for Saint ___ Day on 11 November.
A: Martin (Martinstag)
224. Q: Nepal’s dog‑honoring day during Tihar festival is called ___?
A: Kukur Tihar
225. Q: In Haiti, Voodoo followers honor Baron Samedi on what Catholic feast?
A: All Saints’/All Souls’ (Fèt Gede around 1–2 November)
How to Use This Guide
Blend these eerie categories for trivia night scares, pick specific themes for classroom fun, or test your friends’ pumpkin‑spiced prowess.
With 225 questions spanning history, pop culture, and worldwide rituals, this guide guarantees a howling good time—no séance required!


Ellie Ewert is the founder and author of RandomTrivia.co, blending her passion for research with years of experience in content creation to deliver accurate, engaging, and well-sourced trivia. Dedicated to providing readers with trustworthy and entertaining facts, she applies meticulous fact-checking and SEO expertise to ensure every article meets the highest standards. Read more about our high standards in our Editorial Guidelines.
